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This material is modified from Mansunkuo’s work.
All rights reserved by Agilearning.

Outline

• Recap for observation skills (10 min)
• R Basic (quick recap) and RStudio IDE (10 min)
• Connection (40 min)
  • Crawler’s toolkits in R
  • GET
  • POST
• Parsing Data (60 min)
  • XPath & CSS
  • json
  • xml
  • html table
  • Reular Expression
• Save your data (10 min)
• Case study
• References

Install: Chrome Extension

• EditThisCookie
• XPath Helper
• JSON Viewer
• Advanced REST client

Architecture of Crawlers

Recap: Observation Skills and HTTP Request for Connection

• URL, Method, GET, POST, Headers, Body
• Exercise: PTT Gossiping 請練習找到文章列表資料的連線

R Packages Required

Pipeline Coding

• magrittr

Crawler’s toolkits in R

• rvest: a web scraper based on httr and xml2
• httr: toolkit of HTTP methods in R
• XML & : XML parser
• xml2: xml parser based on libxml2

misc

• stringr: string manipulaiton
• data.table: extension of data.frame, a powerful ETL tool in R

Install Packages

(if you haven’t installed those packages yet)

There are system dependency when installing devtools

Installation guide from R basic class

## === install required packages ===
pkg_list <- c("magrittr", "httr", "rvest", "stringr", "data.table",
              "jsonlite", "RSQLite", "devtools")
pkg_new <- pkg_list[!(pkg_list %in% installed.packages()[,"Package"])]
if(length(pkg_new)) install.packages(pkg_new)
if("xmlview" %in% pkg_new) {devtools::install_github("hrbrmstr/xmlview")}
if("data.table" %in% pkg_new) {
    install.packages("data.table", type = "source",
                      repos = "https://Rdatatable.github.io/data.table")
} else if (packageDescription("data.table")$Version < "1.9.7") {
    install.packages("data.table", type = "source",
                      repos = "https://Rdatatable.github.io/data.table")
}
rm(pkg_new, pkg_list)

Let’s Rock with R!

Hello RStudio

RStudio Settings

Must-known keyboard shortcuts

All RStudio keyboard shortcuts

R recap

• How to get help
• Working Environment
• Basic Data Structure
• Function
• if/else, for, tryCatch
• magrittr
• data.table

How to get help

• ?: Access document in R console
• ??: Search the help system
• google with appropriate keyword. For example:
  • R {package name}
  • R {algorithm name}
• Forum
  • Stack Overflow
    A question and answer site for programmers
  • Taiwan R user Group
    A free R/data analysis user group in Taiwan
  • PTT R_Language board
    A bbs forum for R in Taiwan

Working Environment

Check your working directory everytime you start to work!

Using getwd/setwd to get/set your working directory.

RStudio will set working directory automatically when opening new files

If you use Projects, RStudio will change working directory for you automatically.

Basic Data Structure

Vector, Matrix, Array, List and Data frame are the most basic data structure in R. These data structures can be mapped into a table according to:

• dimension
• Homogeneous or Heterogeneous of data type

(Atomic) Vector

• (Atomic) vector is a basic data structure in R.
• They are linear vectors of a single primitive type. A scalar is a vector of length 1.

v1 <- c(1:10)
v1
#>  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
is.vector(v1)
#> [1] TRUE
length(v1)
#> [1] 10
s1 <- 2
s1
#> [1] 2
is.vector(s1)
#> [1] TRUE
length(s1)
#> [1] 1

List

Lists are also vectors, but not atomic vectors. Lists are generic vectors, with (naturally) different semantics.

Elements in a list can be any kinds type and its length is arbitrary.

Function str can help you investigate the structure of a nested list.

li <- list(a = 1:10, 
           b = c("apple", "banana"))
str(li)

#> List of 2
#>  $ a: int [1:10] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
#>  $ b: chr [1:2] "apple" "banana"

li2 <- list(li = li, 
            c = matrix(1:4, nrow = 2))
str(li2)

#> List of 2
#>  $ li:List of 2
#>   ..$ a: int [1:10] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
#>   ..$ b: chr [1:2] "apple" "banana"
#>  $ c : int [1:2, 1:2] 1 2 3 4

Visualising lists

x1 <- list(c(1, 2), c(3, 4))
x2 <- list(list(1, 2), list(3, 4))
x3 <- list(1, list(2, list(3)))

Lists Subsetting

a <- list(a = 1:3, b = "a string", c = pi, d = list(-1, -5))

• [ extracts a sub-list. The result will always be a list.

str(a[1:2])
str(a[4])

• [[ extracts a single component from a list. It removes a level of hierarchy from the list.

y <- list("a", 1L, 1.5, TRUE)
str(y[[1]])
str(y[[4]])

• $ is a shorthand for extracting named elements of a list. It works similarly to [[ except that you don’t need to use quotes.

a$a
a[["b"]]

Lists Subsetting (Pepper Shaker)

Data Frame

Data frame is a 2-dimension data structure to deal with a table-like heterogeneous data.

df <- data.frame(gender = c("male", "female", "female", "male"),
                 age = c(33, 18, 24, 26))
## Add new column in a data frame
df$city <- c("Taipei", "Taipei", "Hsinchu", "Taichung")

df

#>   gender age     city
#> 1   male  33   Taipei
#> 2 female  18   Taipei
#> 3 female  24  Hsinchu
#> 4   male  26 Taichung

str(df)

#> 'data.frame':    4 obs. of  3 variables:
#>  $ gender: Factor w/ 2 levels "female","male": 2 1 1 2
#>  $ age   : num  33 18 24 26
#>  $ city  : chr  "Taipei" "Taipei" "Hsinchu" "Taichung"

Recap: data structure

All data structures above are objects. They apply different methods and saved as different type internally.

Function

To understand computations in R, two slogans are helpful:

• Everything that exists is an object.
  
• Everything that happens is a function call.

John Chambers

`+`
#> function (e1, e2)  .Primitive("+")
`<-`
#> .Primitive("<-")
`[`
#> .Primitive("[")
`c`
#> function (..., recursive = FALSE)  .Primitive("c")

Function in R

A typical function in R may look like:

f <- function(par1, par2, ...) {
    # Some magic happened
    return(sth)    # return something
}

• If you don’t use return to specify the return value, the return value will be the last expression inside the function.
• Call by value by default
  send a copy of a object into a function and the input object won’t change after execution without assignment

If

The basic structure of conditional execution in R is:

if (an expression returns TRUE or FALSE) {
    # do something
} else if (another expression returns TRUE or FALSE) {
    # do something
} else {
    # do something
}

for

Iterate items in R.

# iterate a character vector
for (i in c("a", "b")) {
    print(i)
}

#> [1] "a"
#> [1] "b"

# nested loop
m <- matrix(numeric(), nrow = 2, ncol = 2)
for (i in 1:nrow(m)) {
    for (j in 1:ncol(m)) {
        m[i, j] <- i * j
    }
}
m

#>      [,1] [,2]
#> [1,]    1    2
#> [2,]    2    4

tryCatch

• tryCatch let you deal with error handling in R.
• Error handling is IMPORTANT when wrapping your crawler into a function because you don’t want your function fail without any outcome.

tryCatch({
  result <- expr
  # If you want to use more than one 
  # R expression in the "try" part then you'll have to 
  # use curly brackets.
  # 'tryCatch()' will return the last evaluated expression 
  # in case the "try" part was completed successfully
}, warning = function(w) {
  message("Here's the original warning message:")
  message(w)
  # Choose a return value in case of warning
  return(NULL)
}, error = function(e) {
  message("Here's the original error message:")
  message(e)
  # Choose a return value in case of error
  return(NA)
}, finally {
  message("Some other message at the end")
  # finally:
  # Here goes everything that should be executed at the end,
  # regardless of success or error.
  # Usually it's used for releasing resources.
  # If you want more than one expression to be executed, then you 
  # need to wrap them in curly brackets ({...}); otherwise you could
  # just have written 'finally=<expression>' 
})

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12193779/how-to-write-trycatch-in-r/12195574#12195574

magrittr

What is magrittr

1. (LHS) will be piped in as the first argument of the function on the (RHS) with %>%.
2. Use the dot, ., as placeholder in a expression.

• x %>% f is equivalent to f(x)
• x %>% f(y) is equivalent to f(x, y)
• x %>% f %>% g %>% h is equivalent to h(g(f(x)))
• x %>% f(y, .) is equivalent to f(y, x)
• x %>% f(y, z = .) is equivalent to f(y, z = x)

Example

library(magrittr)
iris %>% head(5)

• Using the dot place-holder

mtcars %>%
  subset(hp > 100) %>% 
  .[c("mpg", "cyl", "hp")]

Workflow of Crawler Design

Architecture of Crawlers

Workflow

1. 找到資料頁，想像資料要長什麼樣子，設想產出的資料格式(schema)
2. 觀察網頁內容，找到資料所在的request/response，再一層層往上解析，套上判斷式及迴圈, 完成爬蟲的自動化。
3. 解析取得的資料。

Crawler’s toolkits in R

• rvest: a web scraper based on httr and xml2
• httr: toolkit of HTTP methods in R
• XML & : XML parser
• xml2: xml parser based on libxml2
• RCurl: a wrapper of libcurl

HTTP request

A valid HTTP request includes four things:

• URL: a unique address for a thing
• Method:
  • GET: to retrive a resource
  • POST: to create a new resource
• Headers: Meta-information about a request
  • User-Agent
  • Cookie
  • Content-type
  • List of HTTP header fields
• Body: data to be send to a server

Web Connector in R

• {httr}
• {RCurl}
• download.file()
• Socket Connection Tools:
  • socketConnection
  • make.socket / read.socket / close.socket

httr

• Basic Features:
  • HTTP verbs: GET(), POST(), HEAD()…
  • http_status: Translate http status code HTTP status code
  • status_code
  • set_cookies(): set cookles
  • add_headers(): add additional headers to a request.
  • headers(): Access response headers
  • content(): Retrieve the contents of a request
    • as = “parsed”: detect content type automatically and parse the result
    • as = “text”: return character
    • as = “raw”: return binary

Connection: GET Method

Use GET() to request data from a specific resource

起手式

## Not Run
library(httr)
res <- GET(
  url = "http://httpbin.org/get",
  add_headers(a = 1, b = 2),
  set_cookies(c = 1, d = 2),
  query = list(q="hihi")
)
content(res, as = "text", encoding = "UTF-8")
content(res, as = "parsed", encoding = "UTF-8")

一個例子學會第一隻爬蟲

• PTT Gossiping

library(magrittr)
library(httr)
library(rvest)
#> Loading required package: xml2

## Connection
url <- "https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Gossiping/index.html"
res <- GET(url, 
           set_cookies(over18="1"))  # over18 cookie

## (Try get post titles)
res %>% 
  content(as = "text", encoding = "UTF-8") %>% 
  `Encoding<-`("UTF-8") %>% 
  read_html %>% 
  html_nodes(css = ".title a") %>% 
  html_text()
#>  [1] "[問卦] 有沒有寶寶進入厭粥期的八卦"            
#>  [2] "Re: [問卦] 為何8+9都很快走入家庭?"            
#>  [3] "Re: [問卦] 母豬教教主以後會改變回文風格嗎"    
#>  [4] "[新聞] 藍綠惡鬥 陸歸派不敢講真話"             
#>  [5] "[問卦] 有沒有一年之中有哪一週特別忙碌的八卦？"
#>  [6] "Re: [問卦] 請問這個人就是obov大大嗎 "         
#>  [7] "Re: [問卦] 大家這樣害obov失業怎麼辦？"        
#>  [8] "Re: [新聞] 藍綠惡鬥 陸歸派不敢講真話"         
#>  [9] "Re: [問卦] 大家這樣害obov失業怎麼辦？"        
#> [10] "[新聞] 李全教條款三讀 賴清德：歷史性一刻"     
#> [11] "[問卦] 有沒有彥州年薪多少的八卦"              
#> [12] "[問卦] 絕緣人...."                            
#> [13] "[問卦] 亮亮現在在想什麼"                      
#> [14] "[公告] 八卦板板規(2016.02.16)"                
#> [15] "[協尋]行車記錄器-5/14承德路5段與基河路交叉口" 
#> [16] "[公告] 數字類跟風問卦視為鬧板"                
#> [17] "[協尋] 5/27早6點台中五權南路行車記錄"         
#> [18] "[公告] 五月份置底閒聊文"

Cookies

• A small piece of data sent from a website and stored in the user’s web browser while the user is browsing it
• Sometimes you may need set cookies with set_cookies to retreve a request.

set_cookies(a = 1, b = 2)
set_cookies(.cookies = c(a = "1", b = "2"))

• Example

library(httr)
url <- "https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Gossiping/index.html"
res <- GET(url, 
           set_cookies('over18'='1'))  # over18 cookie

The response status code

url <- "https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Gossiping/index.html"
res <- GET(url, 
           set_cookies('over18'='1'))  # over18 cookie

# Get an informative description:
http_status(res)
#> $category
#> [1] "Success"
#> 
#> $reason
#> [1] "OK"
#> 
#> $message
#> [1] "Success: (200) OK"

# Or just access the raw code:
res$status_code
#> [1] 200
status_code(res)
#> [1] 200

# highly recommend using one of these functions whenever you're using httr inside a function to make sure you find out about errors as soon as possible.
warn_for_status(res)
stop_for_status(res)

Set header

Sometimes you may need to provide appropriate HTTP header fields with add_headers() to make a request.

## Not run
add_headers(a = 1, b = 2)
add_headers(.headers = c(a = "1", b = "2"))

• Starbucks

Connection: POST method

• Submits data to be processed to a specified resource
• The query string (name/value pairs) is sent in the HTTP message body

起手式

## Not Run
library(httr)
library(rvest)

res <- POST(url = "http://httpbin.org/post",
            add_headers(a = 1, b = 2),
            set_cookies(c = 1, d = 2),
            body = "x=hello&y=hihi")  # raw string (need URLencode)

res <- POST(url = "http://httpbin.org/post",
            add_headers(a = 1, b = 2),
            set_cookies(c = 1, d = 2),
            body = list(x = "hello", 
                        y = "hihi"), # form data as list
            encode = "form")

content(res, as = "text", encoding = "UTF-8")
content(res, as = "parsed", encoding = "UTF-8")

一個例子學會第二隻爬蟲: Guestbook

Guestbook

Exercise: Guestbook

Try to post a message in App Engine GuestBook

10-min break

The Response Body

3 ways to access the body of the request with httr::content():

The Response Body

httr::content()

res <- GET("https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/NBA/M.1463302851.A.8D7.html")

• binary

(bin <- content(res, as = "raw")) %>% head(200) # raw (binary) vector

#>   [1] 3c 21 44 4f 43 54 59 50 45 20 68 74 6d 6c 3e 0a 3c 68 74 6d 6c 3e 0a
#>  [24] 09 3c 68 65 61 64 3e 0a 09 09 3c 6d 65 74 61 20 63 68 61 72 73 65 74
#>  [47] 3d 22 75 74 66 2d 38 22 3e 0a 09 09 0a 0a 3c 6d 65 74 61 20 6e 61 6d
#>  [70] 65 3d 22 76 69 65 77 70 6f 72 74 22 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 3d 22 77
#>  [93] 69 64 74 68 3d 64 65 76 69 63 65 2d 77 69 64 74 68 2c 20 69 6e 69 74
#> [116] 69 61 6c 2d 73 63 61 6c 65 3d 31 22 3e 0a 0a 3c 74 69 74 6c 65 3e 5b
#> [139] e8 a8 8e e8 ab 96 5d 20 e6 9e 97 e6 9b b8 e8 b1 aa e5 a6 82 e6 9e 9c
#> [162] e5 8a a0 e5 85 a5 e9 a6 ac e5 88 ba e8 83 bd e5 be 97 e5 88 b0 e5 a4
#> [185] 9a e5 b0 91 e4 b8 8a e5 a0 b4 e6 99 82 e9 96 93

# writeBin(bin, "myfile.txt") # the highest fidelity way of saving files to disk

• text

content(res, as = "text", encoding = "UTF-8") %>%  # accesses the body as a character vector
  `Encoding<-`("UTF-8")

#> [1] "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n\t<head>\n\t\t<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n\t\t\n\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\">\n\n<title>[討論] 林書豪如果加入馬刺能得到多少上場時間? - 看板 NBA - 批踢踢實業坊</title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"all\">\n<meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"Ptt BBS 批踢踢\">\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\n\n\n最近有傳言說林書豪可能會加入馬刺\n\n\">\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ptt 批踢踢實業坊\">\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"[討論] 林書豪如果加入馬刺能得到多少上場時間?\">\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\n\n\n最近有傳言說林書豪可能會加入馬刺\n\n\">\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/NBA/M.1463302851.A.8D7.html\">\n\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"//images.ptt.cc/v2.17/bbs-common.css\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"//images.ptt.cc/v2.17/bbs-base.css\" media=\"screen\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"//images.ptt.cc/v2.17/bbs-custom.css\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"//images.ptt.cc/v2.17/pushstream.css\" media=\"screen\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"//images.ptt.cc/v2.17/bbs-print.css\" media=\"print\">\n\n\n<script src=\"//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n<script src=\"//images.ptt.cc/v2.17/bbs.js\"></script>\n\n\n\t\t\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n\n  var _gaq = _gaq || [];\n  _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-32365737-1']);\n  _gaq.push(['_setDomainName', 'ptt.cc']);\n  _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);\n\n  (function() {\n    var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;\n    ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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class=\"bbs-content\">\n\t\t<a class=\"board\" href=\"/bbs/NBA/index.html\">返回看板</a>\n\t\t<div class=\"bar\"></div>\n\t\t<div class=\"share\">\n\t\t\t<span>分享</span>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"fb-like\" data-send=\"false\" data-layout=\"button_count\" data-width=\"90\" data-show-faces=\"false\" data-href=\"http://www.ptt.cc/bbs/NBA/M.1463302851.A.8D7.html\"></div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"g-plusone\" data-size=\"medium\"></div>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\nwindow.___gcfg = {lang: 'zh-TW'};\n(function() {\nvar po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true;\npo.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js';\nvar s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s);\n})();\n</script>\n\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div>\n</div>\n<div id=\"main-container\">\n    <div id=\"main-content\" class=\"bbs-screen bbs-content\"><div class=\"article-metaline\"><span class=\"article-meta-tag\">作者</span><span class=\"article-meta-value\">magneto5566 (萬磁王5566_麥寮法斯賓達)</span></div><div class=\"article-metaline-right\"><span class=\"article-meta-tag\">看板</span><span class=\"article-meta-value\">NBA</span></div><div class=\"article-metaline\"><span class=\"article-meta-tag\">標題</span><span class=\"article-meta-value\">[討論] 林書豪如果加入馬刺能得到多少上場時間?</span></div><div class=\"article-metaline\"><span class=\"article-meta-tag\">時間</span><span class=\"article-meta-value\">Sun May 15 17:00:48 2016</span></div>\n\n\n最近有傳言說林書豪可能會加入馬刺\n\n不管對林書豪或對球迷來說馬刺都是個很棒的選擇\n\n馬刺今年例行賽戰績高達67勝,主力陣容維持的話明年應該依舊有60勝左右\n\n雖然波波維奇用兵如神,但林書豪在馬刺到底能獲得多少上場時間呢\n\n林書豪應該是替補PG和SG的位置\n\n單看馬刺和雷霆的系列賽\n\n馬刺的後場部分主要由4位球員分擔時間\n\n先發: Danny Green , Tony Parker\n\n替補: Manu Ginobili, Patty Mills\n\n\n理論上 林書豪最有機會的是Ginobili的位置\n\n畢竟鬼切已經38歲,下季會不會回來都還不確定\n\n林書豪的切入能力雖然沒有巔峰的鬼切犀利\n\n但是大勝38歲鬼切應該是沒問題\n\n相信波波維奇很了解這一點\n\n不知道大家怎麼看呢?\n\n\n--\n<span class=\"f2\">※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc), 來自: 140.112.71.9\n</span><span class=\"f2\">※ 文章網址: <a href=\"https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/NBA/M.1463302851.A.8D7.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/NBA/M.1463302851.A.8D7.html</a>\n</span><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">sss1234     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 87分鐘</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:02\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">h22212247888</span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 8.7分鐘</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:02\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">rick        </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 等七月再來分析好嗎?</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:02\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">demonh311   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 當然是當基石</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:02\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">arcss       </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 前半年冰凍，後半年15分鐘/場</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:03\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">hunt5566    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 呵呵 波波又藏招不讓豪鬼上囉</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:04\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">Xenogamer   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 0</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:04\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">love1500274 </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: Pop會讓書豪取代跑車先發 書豪會拿下年度mvp</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:05\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">littlegreen </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 馬刺需要切入沒錯 但是切傳能力 這書豪比較弱</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:06\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">噓 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">r30385      </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 8.7秒</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:08\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">donnylee    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: Mills也差不多要退了，40歲</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:12\n</span></div>         Mills 27歲而已\n<span class=\"f2\">※ 編輯: magneto5566 (140.112.71.9), 05/15/2016 17:14:25\n</span><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">darkfeather </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 美媒建議變傳言，這進化速度還真快</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:15\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">donnylee    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 喔，我記錯了，那是哪一個40？</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:18\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">Mooooose    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: Popo黑掉的所花的時間會比較多嗎?</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:18\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">erotica     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 阿豪打1 2號都可以  還可以各種大小鎖防守</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:21\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">噓 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">king181239  </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 去專版問啊</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:21\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">king181239  </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 他們會說超過35分鐘</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:21\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">erotica     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 屌打上述4個人</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:21\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">king181239  </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 事實上只能出賽20幾</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:22\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">噓 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">s925407     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 怎麼會有人說Mills40歲啦，一日球迷也沒這麼不專業</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:22\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">s925407     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 啦</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:22\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">a10141013   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 馬刺大約20-25分鐘 然後popo被說冰箱</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:24\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">dream1285201</span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 一個球員會黑掉大多跟他的球迷有關</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:24\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">smtp        </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 重點是馬刺想出多少爭取豪哥?</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:28\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">kl015013    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 20</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:29\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">bycarbird   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 0，因為書豪不是波波的菜</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:30\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">MoMovincent </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 那個說40歲的應該是要說a米吧</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:30\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">s95115260   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 馬刺怎麼可能要球權的球員</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:31\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">love1500274 </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 他想說的是Miller 打成Mills  lol</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:32\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">kiwi1220    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 40是 ，Miller</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:33\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">miler22020  </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 20分鐘 球權不多 然後popo從此黑掉</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:36\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">scatology   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 5 垃圾時間</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:36\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">smtp        </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 10M簽的話, 上場時間不可能只有20分鐘...</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:37\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">forker561   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 第一年不會有上場時間 最快第二年才有上場時間</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:38\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">candy9999   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 去哪都比在黃蜂好</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:40\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">DiAbLoE     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: popo會變黑人</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:41\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">smtp        </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 豪哥今年曾說,年薪影響別人對你評價,可見企圖心很強</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:41\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">happyalex   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 公道價8分鐘</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:43\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">goury       </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 千萬不要去馬刺...Linsanity的重點是明星度，而不是</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:47\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">goury       </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 馬刺這樣只在乎勝利，讓買票進場的人看不到球星的隊</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:48\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">loverxa     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 到時不用豪神 就沒人在跟你用兵如神了啦</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:49\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">crazywill   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 馬刺不會要阿豪 不用討論了</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:50\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">birdman5656 </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 先等波波帶完奧運吧</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:51\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">yyyyy       </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 馬刺應該以我豪為核心進行重建才對</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 17:53\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">leocheng    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 馬刺喜歡跳投好的 怎麼可能愛豪鬼</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 18:04\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">june0204    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 還是2000找康利吧</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 18:12\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">HowWhy99    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 8.7分 不能再多了</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 18:12\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">crazylin924 </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 35分鐘 （一整季</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 18:19\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">噓 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">xman262     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 487秒</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 18:24\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">噓 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">ppo7741     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 8.7分，跟這篇文的分數一樣，不能再高了</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 18:25\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">carey1119   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 8.7分鐘</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 18:33\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">DurantKevin </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 。。。</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 18:34\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">qq1029qq    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 87分鐘無誤</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 18:40\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">drew9992    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: <a href=\"http://i.imgur.com/0XBGyQU.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://i.imgur.com/0XBGyQU.jpg</a></span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 19:01\n</span></div><div class=\"richcontent\"><img src=\"//i.imgur.com/0XBGyQU.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">dai26       </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 若能完全取代馬妞,大概30分鐘，而且可打滿第四節</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 19:20\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">vicyong     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 不要在幻想了</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 19:23\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">gotohikaru  </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 第一年不用想</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 19:32\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">waw20002002 </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 8.7分鐘！不能在多了</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 20:13\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">噓 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">an565an565  </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 後衛來馬刺都要被冰一整季</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 21:07\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">trylovetom  </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: Parker不是被豪哥哥電？</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 21:09\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">smtp        </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: Parker是輸在年紀, 巔峰時不可能會被豪哥電~</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 21:12\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">噓 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">Yginger1    </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 42分鐘 全場打好打滿</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 21:19\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">pickoff     </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 馬刺不收。問下一隊謝謝</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 21:22\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">mmshlovebob </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 8.7分鐘 不能再多了</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 21:36\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">roc074      </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 8.7時</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 22:04\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">噓 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">deathgale   </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 等加盟了再來討論，記者都自以為球團老闆...</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 22:38\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"hl push-tag\">推 </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">squall410339</span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 快去啦馬刺黑掉就是爽</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/15 23:29\n</span></div><div class=\"push\"><span class=\"f1 hl push-tag\">→ </span><span class=\"f3 hl push-userid\">raku        </span><span class=\"f3 push-content\">: 一開始一場應該是不到10分鐘...</span><span class=\"push-ipdatetime\"> 05/16 00:34\n</span></div></div>\n    \n    <div id=\"article-polling\" data-pollurl=\"/poll/NBA/M.1463302851.A.8D7.html?cacheKey=2052-14787853&offset=7844&offset-sig=05b0d881a2af63a68de9ce2d0f1cda56eec2d548\" data-longpollurl=\"/v1/longpoll?id=5ef93f8aa82d4cf930eb27310d147571cf13936a\" data-offset=\"7844\"></div>\n    \n\n    \n</div>\n\n    </body>\n</html>\n"

• auto parsed httr provides a number of default parsers for common file types:
  html_document, csv, json, jpeg, png. See ?httr::content

content(res, as = "parsed")

#> {xml_document}
#> <html>
#> [1] <head>\n\t\t<meta charset="utf-8"/>\n\t\t\n\n<meta name="viewport" c ...
#> [2] <body>\n\t\t\n<div id="fb-root"/>\n<script><![CDATA[(function(d, s,  ...

Beware of System Encoding

• Parse data with appropriate encoding
• Use Encoding(), iconv() and Sys.setlocale() in Windows (non-UTF8 system).
• iconvlist() to show all encodings availabe.

Encoding

?locales ?Encoding ?iconv iconvlist()

• Unix-like

## check out your system locale
Sys.getlocale()
#> [1] "en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8"
aa <- "你好嗎"
Encoding(aa)
#> [1] "UTF-8"
charToRaw(aa)
#> [1] e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd e5 97 8e

(aa_big5 <- iconv(aa, from = "UTF-8", to = "Big5"))
#> [1] "\xa7A\xa6n\xb6\xdc"
Encoding(aa_big5)
#> [1] "unknown"
harToRaw(aa_big5)
#> [1] a7 41 a6 6e b6 dc

• Windows

# On Windows
Sys.getlocale()
#> "CP950"
aa <- "你好嗎"
Encoding(aa)
#> "unknown"
aa_utf8 <- iconv(aa, from = "Big5", to = "UTF-8")
Encoding(aa_utf8)
#> "UTF-8"

The secret of URL

URL?par1=val1&par2=val2

• The query string is sent in the URL of a GET request
• Non-ASCII character and some preserved characters need to be encoded with URL Encode
• In most situation, you may need to manipulate the query string when you write a crawler

Query String

You can assign query parameter with query()

• Example: http://ecshweb.pchome.com.tw/search/v3.3/?q=sony

res1 <- GET(
  "http://ecshweb.pchome.com.tw/search/v3.3/all/results?q=sony&page=1&sort=rnk/dc"
)

res2 <- GET("http://ecshweb.pchome.com.tw/search/v3.3/all/results",
            query = list(q="sony", page="1", sort="rnk/dc"))

Concatenate strings / String formatting

q_string = "apple"
paste0("hihi", q_string)

#> [1] "hihiapple"

paste0("hihi", q_string, 1:3)  # recycling to length 3

#> [1] "hihiapple1" "hihiapple2" "hihiapple3"

paste("hihi", q_string, 1:3, sep = " ", collapse = ",")

#> [1] "hihi apple 1,hihi apple 2,hihi apple 3"

sprintf("%s, %s", "hihi", q_string) # often use this to constuct a url

#> [1] "hihi, apple"

Url Encoding in R

URLencode(" ")  # a space

#> [1] "%20"

q_string = "蘋果電腦"
(q_string_enc = URLencode(q_string))

#> [1] "%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6"

URLdecode(q_string_enc)

#> [1] "蘋果電腦"

Response Content

What to Parse

Structured data

• html elements: (rvest::html_node)
• json, jsonp: PChome, 紫外線即時監測資料 (jsonlite::fromJSON)
• html table: 公開資訊觀測站 (rvest::html_table, XML::readHtmlTable)
• xml table: 7-11 (XML::xmlToDataFrame)

Unstructured data

• RegEx: 東森房屋的地址

Parsing Response Content: Text Type

rvest

A web scraper designed to work with magrittr.

• Create a html document with read_html()
• Select parts of a document using css selectors or xpath
  • html_nodes(doc, css = "<css selector>")
  • html_nodes(doc, xpath = "<css selector>")
• Extract components with
  • html_name(): the name of the tag
  • html_text(): all text inside the tag
  • html_attr(): contents of a single attribute
  • html_attrs(): all attributes
  • html_table: parse tables into data frames

Use with rvest

• 起手式

GET(url) %>% content(as="text") %>% rvest::read_html()

Tree Structure of HTML

(Document Object Model, DOM)

<a href = "www.meetup.com/Taiwan-R">
  Taiwan R User Group Website
</a>

• nodename: a
• attribute: href with value "www.meetup.com/Taiwan-R"
• text: Taiwan R User Group Website

A simple HTML document

demo_page

library(magrittr)
doc = readLines("http://leoluyi.github.io/RCrawler101_201605_Week2/resources/data/demo.html", encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
    paste(collapse = "\n")
cat(doc)
#> <!DOCTYPE HTML>
#> <html lang="zh-TW">
#> <head>
#>     <meta charset="UTF-8">
#>     <title>Document</title>
#> </head>
#> <html>
#>     <body>
#>         <div id='title' class='character'>
#>             <a class="link" href="http://data-sci.info/r-crawler-101/">data-sci.info</a>
#>         </div>
#>         <div id='summary' class='character'>
#>             <span class='title'>Number:</span>
#>             <span class='number'>2</span>
#>         </div>
#>         <div id='table1' class='info'>
#>             <table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid black;">
#>                 <tr>
#>                     <th>Name</th>
#>                     <th>Gender</th>
#>                     <th>Age</th>
#>                 </tr>
#>                 <tr>
#>                     <td>Alice</td>
#>                     <td>Female</td>
#>                     <td>24</td>
#>                 </tr>
#>                 <tr>
#>                     <td>Jane</td>
#>                     <td>Female</td>
#>                     <td>26</td>
#>                 </tr>
#>             </table>
#>         </div>
#> 
#>         <h3>傷心排行榜</h3>
#>         <div id='table2' class='info'>
#>             <table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid black;">
#>                 <tr>
#>                     <th>姓名</th>
#>                     <th>年齡</th>
#>                 </tr>
#>                 <tr>
#>                     <td>白素貞</td>
#>                     <td>15</td>
#>                 </tr>
#>                 <tr>
#>                     <td>聶小倩</td>
#>                     <td>32</td>
#>                 </tr>
#>                 <tr>
#>                     <td>祝英台</td>
#>                     <td>54</td>
#>                 </tr>
#>             </table>
#>         </div>
#>     </body>
#> </html>

CSS practice: http://flukeout.github.io/

doc <- read_html("http://leoluyi.github.io/RCrawler101_201605_Week2/resources/data/demo.html")
doc %>% 
  html_nodes(css = ".character") %>% # a node set
  as.character()

#> [1] "<div id=\"title\" class=\"character\">\n            <a class=\"link\" href=\"http://data-sci.info/r-crawler-101/\">data-sci.info</a>\n        </div>"   
#> [2] "<div id=\"summary\" class=\"character\">\n            <span class=\"title\">Number:</span>\n            <span class=\"number\">2</span>\n        </div>"

doc %>% 
  html_nodes(css = "#title > .link") %>% 
  as.character()

#> [1] "<a class=\"link\" href=\"http://data-sci.info/r-crawler-101/\">data-sci.info</a>"

html_node() vs html_nodes()

• html_node(), like [[, always exactly one element in each node of a nodeset.
• html_nodes() collapses output of all matched nodes. (We usually use this)

Extract with XPath

doc <- read_html("http://leoluyi.github.io/RCrawler101_201605_Week2/resources/data/demo.html")
doc %>% 
  html_nodes(xpath = "//*[@class='character']") %>% 
  as.character()

#> [1] "<div id=\"title\" class=\"character\">\n            <a class=\"link\" href=\"http://data-sci.info/r-crawler-101/\">data-sci.info</a>\n        </div>"   
#> [2] "<div id=\"summary\" class=\"character\">\n            <span class=\"title\">Number:</span>\n            <span class=\"number\">2</span>\n        </div>"

doc %>% 
  html_nodes(xpath = "//div[@id='title']/a") %>% 
  as.character()

#> [1] "<a class=\"link\" href=\"http://data-sci.info/r-crawler-101/\">data-sci.info</a>"

Extract text

doc %>% 
  html_nodes(xpath = "//*[@class='character']") %>% 
  html_text()

#> [1] "\n            data-sci.info\n        "         
#> [2] "\n            Number:\n            2\n        "

doc %>% 
  html_nodes(xpath = "//div[@id='title']/a") %>% 
  html_text()

#> [1] "data-sci.info"

Extract name of tag

node = doc %>% 
    html_nodes(css = "#summary") %>% 
    html_name
node

#> [1] "div"

Extract link

link = doc %>% 
    html_nodes(xpath = "/html/body/div[@id='title']/a") %>%
    html_attr("href")
link

#> [1] "http://data-sci.info/r-crawler-101/"

Exercise: 抓PTT推文

https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Gossiping/M.1464355692.A.0E5.html

## 10-min break

Example: PTT

use package xmlview to parse XML content and extract elements.

• PTT

Extract Table Using rvest::html_table()

(html_table() is temperarily not working with non-ascii data on Windows.) demo_page

• html_table() extracts table(s) as a list.

students <- read_html("http://leoluyi.github.io/RCrawler101_201605_Week2/resources/data/demo.html") %>% 
    # html_nodes(css = "#table1>table") %>%  # also can select table first
    html_table()
students

#> [[1]]
#>    Name Gender Age
#> 1 Alice Female  24
#> 2  Jane Female  26
#> 
#> [[2]]
#>     姓名 年齡
#> 1 白素貞   15
#> 2 聶小倩   32
#> 3 祝英台   54

Extract Table Using XML::readHTMLTable()

demo_page

• readHTMLTable() extracts table(s) as a list.

res_text <- GET("http://leoluyi.github.io/RCrawler101_201605_Week2/resources/data/demo.html") %>% 
  content("text", encoding = "UTF-8") %>% 
  `Encoding<-`("UTF-8")

# read and extract tables from html string
tables <- res_text %>% XML::readHTMLTable(encoding = "UTF-8")

str(tables) # take a look 
View(tables[[2]]) # take a look 

• Result

tables[[2]]

#>     姓名 年齡
#> 1 白素貞   15
#> 2 聶小倩   32
#> 3 祝英台   54

Example: Yahoo Stock

• Yahoo Stock

Example: 公開資訊觀測站

• 公開資訊觀測站

Parse XML table

Parse XML table with XML::xmlToDataFrame()

Example

• Seven Eleven
• RegEx: 7-11 citycode (areacode.js)

Parse JSON format

Yun can parse JSON with jsonlite in R

Parse JSON with jsonlite

• Example: PChome API

library(jsonlite)
library(magrittr)
res <- GET("http://ecshweb.pchome.com.tw/search/v3.3/all/results?q=sony&page=1&sort=rnk/dc")

• jsonlite::fromJSON()

res_df <- content(res, as = "text", encoding = "UTF-8") %>% 
  `Encoding<-`("UTF-8") %>% 
  fromJSON() %>%
  .$prods  # equivelent to (function(x) {x$prods})

head(res_df)
#>                 Id cateId
#> 1 DPAE03-A9006RR9X DPAE03
#> 2 DYAD2P-A9006JOZX DYAD2P
#> 3 DGAF3L-A9005R0IB DGAF3L
#> 4 DYAD2O-A9006JDQE DYAD2O
#> 5 DYAD2R-A900776LD DYAD2R
#> 6 DYAD2R-A9006XKSI DYAD2R
#>                                                                          picS
#> 1 /pic/v1/data/item/201601/D/P/A/E/0/3/sDPAE03-A9006RR9X000_56970708b9924.jpg
#> 2 /pic/v1/data/item/201510/D/Y/A/D/2/P/sDYAD2P-A9006JOZX000_5614b4cc793f6.jpg
#> 3 /pic/v1/data/item/201603/D/G/A/F/3/L/sDGAF3L-A9005R0IB000_56e13e653c0a5.jpg
#> 4 /pic/v1/data/item/201510/D/Y/A/D/2/O/sDYAD2O-A9006JDQE000_560e037b08db2.jpg
#> 5 /pic/v1/data/item/201604/D/Y/A/D/2/R/sDYAD2R-A900776LD000_5718b07ab2c7c.jpg
#> 6 /pic/v1/data/item/201604/D/Y/A/D/2/R/sDYAD2R-A9006XKSI000_56fe3f0b20c2e.jpg
#>                                                                         picB
#> 1 /pic/v1/data/item/201605/D/P/A/E/0/3/DPAE03-A9006RR9X000_5747a5483899f.jpg
#> 2 /pic/v1/data/item/201510/D/Y/A/D/2/P/DYAD2P-A9006JOZX000_5614b4cc76ca5.jpg
#> 3 /pic/v1/data/item/201605/D/G/A/F/3/L/DGAF3L-A9005R0IB000_5747aa8e441fe.jpg
#> 4 /pic/v1/data/item/201604/D/Y/A/D/2/O/DYAD2O-A9006JDQE000_57198b2dc111b.jpg
#> 5 /pic/v1/data/item/201605/D/Y/A/D/2/R/DYAD2R-A900776LD000_57426f72542d3.jpg
#> 6 /pic/v1/data/item/201605/D/Y/A/D/2/R/DYAD2R-A9006XKSI000_57426fcf0b981.jpg
#>                                            name
#> 1                    Sony 行動微型投影機 MP-CL1
#> 2  Sony Xperia Z5 Compact E5823 4.6吋八核輕旗艦
#> 3 SONY 錄音筆 ICD-PX440 立體音 4GB 【中文平輸】
#> 4                                SONY Xperia Z5
#> 5              SONY Xperia Z5 Premium玫瑰石英粉
#> 6                        SONY Xperia Z5 Premium
#>                                                           describe price
#> 1                                       Sony 行動微型投影機 MP-CL1 11900
#> 2 送9H玻璃保貼+保護套 Sony Xperia Z5 Compact E5823 4.6吋八核輕旗艦 13880
#> 3                  SONY 錄音筆 ICD-PX440 立體音 4GB 【中文平輸】    2880
#> 4     週末超值降▼送保護貼+保護套SONY Xperia Z5 5.2吋美型防水旗艦機 16490
#> 5   ▼送Kitty側掀皮套or32G卡+玻璃貼SONY Xperia Z5 Premium玫瑰石英粉 19999
#> 6                   ▼送32G卡+手機立架+玻璃貼SONY Xperia Z5 Premium 19900
#>   author brand publishDate isPick
#> 1                               0
#> 2                               0
#> 3                               0
#> 4                               0
#> 5                               0
#> 6                               0

httr auto parse json as list

res_list <- content(res, as = "parsed")
# str(res_list)
res_list$prods[[1]]

#> $Id
#> [1] "DPAE03-A9006RR9X"
#> 
#> $cateId
#> [1] "DPAE03"
#> 
#> $picS
#> [1] "/pic/v1/data/item/201601/D/P/A/E/0/3/sDPAE03-A9006RR9X000_56970708b9924.jpg"
#> 
#> $picB
#> [1] "/pic/v1/data/item/201605/D/P/A/E/0/3/DPAE03-A9006RR9X000_5747a5483899f.jpg"
#> 
#> $name
#> [1] "Sony 行動微型投影機 MP-CL1"
#> 
#> $describe
#> [1] "Sony 行動微型投影機 MP-CL1"
#> 
#> $price
#> [1] 11900
#> 
#> $author
#> [1] ""
#> 
#> $brand
#> [1] ""
#> 
#> $publishDate
#> [1] ""
#> 
#> $isPick
#> [1] 0

Combind list of dataframes with loop

# str(res_list$prods)
res_df2 = data.frame()
for (i in 1:length(res_list$prods)) {
  res_df2 = rbind(res_df2, 
                  data.frame(res_list$prods[[i]], 
                             stringsAsFactors = FALSE))
}
identical(res_df, res_df2)

#> [1] TRUE

(better use do.call + rbind)

More general way to combine list of dataframes

• do.call + rbind
• data.table::rbindlist

Parse Parse list of dataframes with

do.call + rbind

## first make a list of dataframes
df_list <- lapply(res_list$prods, as.data.frame, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
# head(res_list$prods, 3) %>% str
# head(df_list, 3) %>% str

# combine dataframes
res_df3 = do.call(rbind, df_list)
identical(res_df, res_df3)

#> [1] TRUE

# str(res_df3)

data.table::rbindlist

library(data.table)
res_df4 = rbindlist(df_list)
head(res_df4)

#>                  Id cateId
#> 1: DPAE03-A9006RR9X DPAE03
#> 2: DYAD2P-A9006JOZX DYAD2P
#> 3: DGAF3L-A9005R0IB DGAF3L
#> 4: DYAD2O-A9006JDQE DYAD2O
#> 5: DYAD2R-A900776LD DYAD2R
#> 6: DYAD2R-A9006XKSI DYAD2R
#>                                                                           picS
#> 1: /pic/v1/data/item/201601/D/P/A/E/0/3/sDPAE03-A9006RR9X000_56970708b9924.jpg
#> 2: /pic/v1/data/item/201510/D/Y/A/D/2/P/sDYAD2P-A9006JOZX000_5614b4cc793f6.jpg
#> 3: /pic/v1/data/item/201603/D/G/A/F/3/L/sDGAF3L-A9005R0IB000_56e13e653c0a5.jpg
#> 4: /pic/v1/data/item/201510/D/Y/A/D/2/O/sDYAD2O-A9006JDQE000_560e037b08db2.jpg
#> 5: /pic/v1/data/item/201604/D/Y/A/D/2/R/sDYAD2R-A900776LD000_5718b07ab2c7c.jpg
#> 6: /pic/v1/data/item/201604/D/Y/A/D/2/R/sDYAD2R-A9006XKSI000_56fe3f0b20c2e.jpg
#>                                                                          picB
#> 1: /pic/v1/data/item/201605/D/P/A/E/0/3/DPAE03-A9006RR9X000_5747a5483899f.jpg
#> 2: /pic/v1/data/item/201510/D/Y/A/D/2/P/DYAD2P-A9006JOZX000_5614b4cc76ca5.jpg
#> 3: /pic/v1/data/item/201605/D/G/A/F/3/L/DGAF3L-A9005R0IB000_5747aa8e441fe.jpg
#> 4: /pic/v1/data/item/201604/D/Y/A/D/2/O/DYAD2O-A9006JDQE000_57198b2dc111b.jpg
#> 5: /pic/v1/data/item/201605/D/Y/A/D/2/R/DYAD2R-A900776LD000_57426f72542d3.jpg
#> 6: /pic/v1/data/item/201605/D/Y/A/D/2/R/DYAD2R-A9006XKSI000_57426fcf0b981.jpg
#>                                             name
#> 1:                    Sony 行動微型投影機 MP-CL1
#> 2:  Sony Xperia Z5 Compact E5823 4.6吋八核輕旗艦
#> 3: SONY 錄音筆 ICD-PX440 立體音 4GB 【中文平輸】
#> 4:                                SONY Xperia Z5
#> 5:              SONY Xperia Z5 Premium玫瑰石英粉
#> 6:                        SONY Xperia Z5 Premium
#>                                                            describe price
#> 1:                                       Sony 行動微型投影機 MP-CL1 11900
#> 2: 送9H玻璃保貼+保護套 Sony Xperia Z5 Compact E5823 4.6吋八核輕旗艦 13880
#> 3:                  SONY 錄音筆 ICD-PX440 立體音 4GB 【中文平輸】    2880
#> 4:     週末超值降▼送保護貼+保護套SONY Xperia Z5 5.2吋美型防水旗艦機 16490
#> 5:   ▼送Kitty側掀皮套or32G卡+玻璃貼SONY Xperia Z5 Premium玫瑰石英粉 19999
#> 6:                   ▼送32G卡+手機立架+玻璃貼SONY Xperia Z5 Premium 19900
#>    author brand publishDate isPick
#> 1:                               0
#> 2:                               0
#> 3:                               0
#> 4:                               0
#> 5:                               0
#> 6:                               0

Exercise: UV API (JSON)

行政院環境保護署環境資源資料開放平台提供了一系列的RESTful Api供大家取用，請試著把 紫外線即時監測資料的資料取回來並轉成data.frame

Answer

紫外線即時監測資料

Unstructured data

非結構化資料解析: Regular Expression

Package stringr

library(stringr)
fruits <- c("one apple", "two pears", "three bananas")
str_replace(fruits, "[aeiou]", "-")

#> [1] "-ne apple"     "tw- pears"     "thr-e bananas"

str_replace_all(fruits, "[aeiou]", "-")

#> [1] "-n- -ppl-"     "tw- p--rs"     "thr-- b-n-n-s"

shopping_list <- c("apples x4", "bag of flour", "bag of sugar", "milk x2")
str_extract(shopping_list, "[a-z]+")

#> [1] "apples" "bag"    "bag"    "milk"

str_extract_all(shopping_list, "[a-z]+")

#> [[1]]
#> [1] "apples" "x"     
#> 
#> [[2]]
#> [1] "bag"   "of"    "flour"
#> 
#> [[3]]
#> [1] "bag"   "of"    "sugar"
#> 
#> [[4]]
#> [1] "milk" "x"

Exercise : ETwarm

• 東森房屋
• 試著找到「新北市」的資料

Save your data

• write.csv: write data.frame as csv file
• download.file: save html, jpeg, etc
• writeBin: write binary object into disk
• RSQLite: SQLite connector in R

Working Environment

Check your working directory everytime you start to work!

## Not run
getwd() # current config
setwd("/xxx/xxxxx") # set working directory to "/xxx/xxxxx"
setwd("..")  # set working directory to up one directory
setwd("./xxxx")  # relative path to current directory

write.csv() / data.table::fwrite()

library(jsonlite)
library(httr)
url = "http://ecshweb.pchome.com.tw/search/v3.3/all/results?q=sony&page=1&sort=rnk/dc"
res_df = GET(url) %>% 
    content(res, as = "text") %>% 
    fromJSON() %>% 
    .$prods     # equivelent to (function(x) {x$prods})
write.csv(res_df, "pchome.csv", row.names = FALSE)

library(data.table) # >= 1.9.7
fwrite(res_df, "pchome.csv")  # very fast!

download.file()

To download a file from the Internet. download.file takes advantage of internet utilities such as curl or wget and may fail if you don’t have any of these utilities in your system.

dest_dir = "resources/data/download"
dir.create(dest_dir, showWarnings = FALSE, recursive = TRUE)

# Download whole HTML file
download.file("https://www.r-project.org/", 
              file.path(dest_dir, "r-project.org.html"))

# Download image
download.file("https://www.r-project.org/Rlogo.png",
              file.path(dest_dir, "Rlogo.png"))

list.files(dest_dir)

writeBin()

To write binary data to your local disk.

dest_dir = "resources/data/download"

r = GET("http://opendata.epa.gov.tw/webapi/api/rest/datastore/355000000I-000004/?format=json")
# Set as = "raw" to prevent any character encoding
bin = content(r, as = "raw")
writeBin(bin, file.path(dest_dir, "uv.json"))

Database

• RSQLite: A light-weight database engine interface in R
  • PChome Example
• Other relational database connector in R
  • RODBC
  • RJDBC
  • RMySQL
  • …

Case study

• 東森房屋
• Guestbook
• Yahoo Stock
• 紫外線即時監測資料
• PTT Gossiping
• PTT 推文
• Starbucks
• Seven Eleven
• FamilyMart # json & referer
• PChome
• 公開資訊觀測站
• 中央氣象局觀測資料查詢系統

References

• rvest
• httr
• HTTP Methods
• An Introduction to APIs
• Advanced R
• data.table
• RSQLite

第二週課程課後問卷